The Effect of Truss Design on Mass Supported Before Failure

photo of scotty at mid columbia science fair

Researched by Scotty G.
2005-06




PURPOSE


The purpose of this experiment was to determine which of three truss designs would hold the most mass.

I became interested in this idea when I found out that roofs of buildings had trusses. I wondered how much weight trusses could hold before collapsing.

The information gained from this experiment could help engineers better understand which of the three designs of trusses could hold the most load. Also people who live in areas with lots of snowfall or high wind need strong roofs built with well-designed trusses.


HYPOTHESIS


My hypothesis was that the King-post truss would hold the most mass.

I based my hypothesis on a previous study done in 2000 by 6th grader Aaron John, “Mass supported by King-post and Queen-post Truss Designs.” He concluded” that the King-post design was the most successful by standing the most weight.”


EXPERIMENT DESIGN


The constants in this study were:
•    Method force was applied to each truss.
•    Type of wood used to make each truss.
•    Vernier force probe used to measure the force on the truss before collapsing.
•    The size of each truss.
•    Laptop to record the data.
•    Glue used to build the trusses.

The manipulated variable was the truss design.

The responding variable was the amount of force each truss could withstand before failure.

To measure the responding variable, I used a Vernier force plate attached to a laptop running Logger Pro 3.1 software.


MATERIALS

QUANTITY ITEM  DESCRIPTION
3 Thin balsa wood sticks
1 Vernier force plate
1 Notched wooden block
1             
Laptop
1 Hot glue gun
1 Glue    


 
PROCEDURES


1.    Building the trusses.
a)    Buy several pieces of thin balsa wood.
b)    Hot glue three wood pieces in the shape of a triangle, 15 cm long on each side
c)    Hold the part of the truss you are gluing for 60 seconds so it will set.
d)    Make sure each truss is the same size.
e)    Repeat steps b-d eight times so you have a total of nine trusses.
f)    Start building the main vertical struts that are going to be inside in every truss design.
g)    To make it easier, angle the cuts on the struts so they into place better.
h)    Hot glue the struts inside the trusses from apex down to center of the bottom member.
i)    Build all nine trusses to have this center post.
j)    Set three of these trusses aside and label “King-post”
k)    Take three of the basic trusses and add additional struts to make Queen-post trusses.  They need mini-struts hot glued going from the bottom of the center post out to the center point of the side members.  Set aside and label as “Queen-post”.
l)    Take three of the basic trusses and add additional struts to make Graf-post trusses.  They need mini-struts hot glued going from the bottom corners of the truss to the center point of the center post. Set aside and label as “Graf-post”.
m)    Create a notched wooden block for applying force to the apex of the truss. The notch in the wood exactly the angle of the apex on the truss.
 
2. Setting up force system.
a)    You should have a Vernier force plate and a computer to do this experiment.
b)    Set up the computer so it can read the force recorded from the force plate using Logger Pro interface box.
c)    The computer has to have a Logger Pro 3.1 software, so it can read the force recorded from the force plate.
d)    Make sure the force plate is connected during the experiment when measuring the force of each truss design before failure.
e)    Calibrate the force plate to read zero when no force is applied.

3. Testing truss 1
a)    Apply force straight down on the truss so the force plate can read the force and send the information to the computer.
b)    Apply force by using the notched wooden block.
c)    Put the bottom of the truss on the force plate and put the notch on the top angle of the truss.
d)    Start the data collection of the computer.
e)    Start applying steady force with your hand.
f)    You need to keep adding more and more force until the truss finally breaks.
g)    Once the truss actually breaks, then go over to the computer and record the highest force just before failure.
h)    Do the same thing for trial 2 and 3 by repeating steps 3a-3f.
 
4.Testing truss 2
a)    To test truss type 2 repeat steps 2-3.
b)    Be sure to conduct 3 trials
     
5.   Testing truss 3
a)    To test truss 3, repeat steps 2-3.
b)    Do the same thing for all three trials.
c)    For each truss find the average of force from the three trials.
d)     Use the average results to compare the truss designs.

6.   Compare!

 
RESULTS

The original purpose of this experiment was to determine which of three truss designs would hold the most mass.


The results of the experiment were that the Graf-post held 214 newtons, the Queen-post held 175 newtons, and the King-post held 129 newtons.


See the table and graph below.


































Force in Newtons Held by Truss Designs Before Failure
Trial    King-Post Truss    Queen-Post Truss    Graf-Post Truss
Trial #1    100    134    179
Trial #2    100    182    227
Trial #3    187    210    235
Average    129    175    214

 
CONCLUSION

My original hypothesis was that the King-post truss would hold the most mass.

The results indicate that this hypothesis should be rejected, because the Graf- Post truss held more force before failure than the King-Post.

After thinking about the results of this experiment, I wonder if the type of wood would make a difference in the outcome of the results. Then I also wondered if the type of glue would make a difference.

If I were to conduct this project again I would build and test many more models of each type, probably 10. I would be more exact when cutting and fitting the struts.  Then I would test a couple more types of typical truss designs. I would also build my trusses so the bottom member was stronger than the sides.
 

RESEARCH REPORT

Introduction
The strength and safety of buildings is important to human wellbeing.
Engineers need to determine which designs of trusses can hold the most mass, and homebuilders must know what kind of truss design to buy for the snow and wind loads expected in an area. Roof failure can be a life and death problem.

History
The first people to come up with building trusses were the Romans. Truss descriptions were made first by Roman architect, Vitrivius De Architura.

During the 18th Century mathematicians learned how to apply their science to structures making it possible to determine the amounts of stress in different places in buildings.  This information led to the development of trusses, or other parts arranged three-dimensionally.

House trusses
A truss is a structural design used in a roof or a bridge to support mass that is put on it. There are many truss designs in the world. A truss is made mainly by configuring triangles. The principle of a triangle is a rigid form that cannot collapse, or change its shape. Trusses are found in roofs and in bridges. Most people have King- Post trusses or Queen- Post trusses in the roof of their houses. Trusses are a big part of modern construction. If there aren’t sound trusses on houses many harmful things could happen. For instance, when snowstorms, hurricanes, earthquakes, heavy rain, or windstorms hit, it’s the truss that is holding up the roof. Strong trusses are needed to withstand these loads.

King-Post truss
A King- Post truss has only 1 strut. The King- Post truss strut goes straight up and down from apex to the center point of the bottom member. So it is equal on both sides. The King- Post is probably the most used truss design. The strut allows the weight to spread across the bottom of the truss. This way it can hold more weight.

Queen- Post truss
The Queen- Post truss is like the King- Post truss except in addition to having the one large vertical struts, it has two short struts angling into the bottom of the main strut from the center points of the side members. So this truss design spreads the weight even more than the King-Post truss. It can hold a lot of weight!

Bridge trusses
There are three main designs of bridges: Beam bridges, arch bridges, and suspension bridges. To decide which design to use, they measure the distance, the shape of the land, if it crosses water, the weight it will be holding, and how much space is needed for vehicles to travel on its deck.

History
The first serious bridge builders were the Romans. Later in the 18th century people started building iron bridges and also started to make beam bridges. Almost all the bridges today are made of steel and concrete. By making bridges out of steel and concrete, designers can make longer bridges. Truss bridges are a simple bridge structure. In theory, the individual members of a simple truss are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces. Truss bridges are built because they have many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span a great distance. The most typical trusses are the Warren truss, the Pratt truss, and the Howe truss. The Warren truss is probably the most common. Warren trusses are usually used in spans between 50-100 meters.
 
Pratt Truss
Thomas and Caleb Pratt first developed the Pratt truss in 1844. The Pratt has diagonals in tension and verticals in compression, except for the hip verticals immediately adjoining to the inclined end posts of the bridge.  Before Pratt trusses were constructed only of iron they were initially built as a combination of wood and iron.  The Pratt type successfully survived the change to iron construction as well as the second change to steel usage.  The Pratt truss inspired a large number of variations and modifications during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Howe Truss
The Howe truss is the “opposite” of the Pratt truss. The diagonal members face in the opposite direction of the Pratt. This makes it very unique design for steel bridges and it is rarely seen because of its design.

Warren Truss
Warren trusses are both simple and continuous trusses. Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure, the roadway may pass over or even through the Warren truss allowing for clearance below the bridge that is often not possible with other bridge designs.

Summary
Trusses are used for supporting roofs. They are triangle shaped and usually have struts for supporters. Some truss designs are King-post and Queen-post trusses. Trusses are also used for bridges.

Trusses are an important part of houses and are a big aspect in the safety of a building. With good trusses people can heat and cool their houses easily and shed rain, snow and wind, letting them live safer and more comfortable lives.
  
BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABCD’s Bridge Design Tips for Kids. November 15, 2005 http://www.abcdpittsburgh.org/kids/kids.htm.

Ashby, Camdon The Effect of Truss Type on Mass Supported Before Failure. January 11, 2006 http://www.selah.k12.wa.us/SOAR/SciProj2004/CamdonA.html

John, Aaron Mass Supported by King-post and Queen-post Truss Designs. January 11, 2006 http://www.selah.k12.wa.us/SOAR/SciProj2000/AaronJ.html

Oxlade, Chis.  Superstructures Bridges.  Texas: Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1997.    Pp. 1-End.

Truss. November 14, 2005                                                http://www.matsuo-bridge.co.jp/english/bridges/basics/truss.shtm.

Truss Bridges. November 16, 2005      
http://www.brantacan.co.uk/truss.htm.

Truss Bridge Design. November 16, 2005 http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/machines/bridges.htm.

Videon, F.  Fred  “Bridge.”, 2005           
 http://worldbook.com
 
 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


I would like to thank the following people for helping make my project possible:
•    My parents for helping and giving me encouragement in this project.
•    Mr. Newkirk and Mrs.Viernes for keeping me on task and always answering my questions. 
•    I would like to thank the Vernier Company very much for providing the pressure plate I      need for my experiment.
•    Heidi O’Malley helped in class as a volunteer.
•    Ethan and Alex for helping me set up and conduct my experiment.
 


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