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RESEARCH
REPORT
Introduction
There are two different kinds of batteries,
a primary battery and a secondary battery. A primary battery is a disposable
battery. When one or more of its chemicals are gone, it is no longer good.
A secondary battery is also known as a rechargeable battery. Unlike the
primary battery, when one or more of its chemicals are gone, it can be
recharged so it’s chemical can be restored. A secondary battery can be
charged, and discharged as many times as needed.
Dry ice is made up of frozen carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is a gas, which we exhale when we breathe.
Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries
A Nickel Metal Hydride, (NiMH) battery has
no memory like other batteries. However, The NiMH batteries are able to
store up to 70%more than Nickel Cadmium batteries because they contain
no cadmium. Even though the NiMH battery can store up to 70% more then
a common NiCd. The metal hydrogen link is usually very weak and a lot of
hydrides stay in the metallic stage. Today, many Nickel Metal Hydride batteries
are replacing Nickel Cadmium batteries.
Dry Ice
Dry ice is made of frozen carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is a gas, which we exhale when we breathe. Dry ice got its
name when it was discovered that it could go from a solid to a gas without
going to a wet liquid phase. Carbon dioxide is also a gas which plants
use during photosynthesis. The gas carbon dioxide is also the carbonation
in liquid that makes it soda. Dry ice is commonly used for freezing things
because of its cold temperature: with negative 78.5ºC, (-109.3ºF).
Dry ice can also be used for air travel, beverages, pools and Jacuzzis,
baking industries, boating, branding cattle and horses, carbonating liquids,
and special effects.
Electricity
Electricity is one of the most important
forms of energy. Electricity is the flow of electric charge. You cannot
touch, hear, smell, taste, or see electricity. We only know it’s there
because of what it does. Electricity has many forms. It creates, light,
heat, and offers energy to household electrical devices. Just about all
of the world’s electricity is produced by power plants. Even nature carries
electricity. For example lightning is just a big surge of electricity.
Certain rocks or stones containing
amber are electrically charged when rubbed with cloth. There are also certain
sea creatures that give out electric shock when touched by other things.
Some example of these sea creatures are electric eels and jelly fish. Electricity
is a very efficient source of energy if handled with caution. If there
are faulty wires or an overloaded socket, the energy will build up and
may cause a fire. Even a low voltage electric current can kill you if you
touch it with wet hands or even if your standing on something wet.
Electrodes
Electrodes are components of an electric
circuit that connect the ordinary wiring of the circuit to a conducting
medium like an electrolyte. The positive electrode is called the cathode.
The negative electrode is known as the anode. The standard dry cell battery
supplies carbon anode and a zinc cathode in coalition with an electrolyte
mix.
Secondary Batteries
A secondary battery is also known as a rechargeable
battery. In a rechargeable battery the energy is fed by an outer source,
which is then stored inside the battery. This energy is stored inside as
chemical energy. Unlike primary batteries, rechargeable batteries have
chemical reactions that go one way while charging and the opposite way
while discharging. A rechargeable battery can be charged and discharged
as many times as needed. Modern rechargeable batteries are made up of zinc-chlorine,
sodium, sulfur, nickel metal hydride, and lithium-iron. The most commonly
used rechargeable battery types today are alkaline, nickel cadmium, and
nickel iron.
Electric Current
A current is a flow of electricity. The
electric current is transported by electrons, which circle the nuclei of
atoms. Each individual electron is able to carry a very small amount of
electric charge. When a flow of electrons move from atom to atom the stream
of the charge the atoms carry is called electric current. An example of
electric current in action is when batteries produce light, sounds, etc.
in appliances.
Atoms and Ions
Atoms are electrically neutral: the number
of electrons that have negative charge are equal to the number of protons
in the nucleus, which holds the positive charge. When an atom gains or
loses one or more electrons then the electrons and protons do not equal
the same number. This is called an ion. An atom, which loses an electron,
forms a positively charged ion since there are more protons then electrons.
When this occurs the ion is called a cation. An atom which gains one or
more electrons then is negatively charged because there are now more electrons
then protons. This is called an anion.
Batteries
A battery is a device which produces electricity
by chemical action. A battery consists of one or more electric cells. Each
cell has chemicals to produce electric current. The word “battery” means
a group of connected cells. This term is usually used to refer to single
cell batteries such as those used in flashlights or toys. Batteries serve
as a convenient source of electricity. There is a wide variety of batteries.
They are classified by their basic design. A battery can also be
classified by their general type of electrolyte. The design depends on
the batteries electric output. Primary batteries must be disposed of after
one or more of their chemicals are gone. Rechargeable batteries can be
recharged after they are discharged.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of the laws
that govern the conversion of energy from one form to another, the direction
in which heat will flow, and the availability to do work. Thermodynamics
exists in many forms such as heat, light, electrical energy, and chemical
energy. The first law of thermodynamics is that energy may change from
one form to another, but may not be created or destroyed. The amount of
energy and/or matter in the universe stays the same, but changes from one
form to another. The second law of thermodynamics says energy will flow
from high-energy areas to toward lower energy areas, so heat flows from
hotter things to cooler things.
Electrolytes
An electrolyte is a very important part
of the battery. The ions would not be able to travel if it wasn’t for the
electrolyte. This means that there would be no electric current. An equal
number of positive and negative ions are released when as electrolyte dissolves.
Electrolysis happens when there is a reaction between an electrolyte and
electrode.
Watts
Watts are a measure of electricity. Watts
can be increased by current flow or voltage pressure. This measure of electric
power was named after James Watt. To calculate watts you multiply amperes,
(amps) by volts. Power companies charge customers by the amount of watts
used per month. A Kilowatt is equal to 1,000 watts. Kilowatts are used
when there is a large amount of watts.
Insulators
Insulators are used to stop electric current
from flowing into places where it would be dangerous. Dry wood, glass,
mica, dry air, rubber and plastics are all insulators. An insulator conducts
almost no electricity. Insulators are used to prevent electric current
from flowing into an area. An insulator can also be called dielectrics.
Electric Circuit
An electric circuit is the course followed
by an electric current. In order for electricity to produce energy it needs
to it must travel in an electric circuit. An electric circuit is made up
of three main parts. The first one is a source of electric energy. The
second thing is a device which uses energy. The third main thing that makes
up electric circuit is a connection between the electric circuit and the
device which uses energy.
Summary
There are two different kinds of batteries,
a primary battery and a secondary battery. A Primary battery is a disposable
battery. When one or more of the chemicals is gone, it is no longer good.
A secondary battery is also known as a rechargeable battery. Unlike the
primary battery, when one or more of it’s chemicals are gone, it can be
recharged so it’s chemical can be restored. A secondary battery can be
charged, and discharged as many times as needed.
The NiMH batteries are able to store up to
70%more then Nickel Cadmium batteries because they contain no cadmium.
Dry ice is made of frozen carbon dioxide.
The gas carbon dioxide is also the carbonation in liquid that makes it
soda. Dry ice is commonly used for freezing things because of its cold
temperature of ?78.5ºC, (-109.3ºF).
Electricity is the flow of electric charge.
You cannot touch, hear, smell, taste, or see electricity. Electrodes are
components of an electric circuit. A secondary battery is also known as
a rechargeable battery. In a rechargeable battery the energy is fed by
an outer source which is then stored inside the battery. A current is a
flow of electricity. The electric current is transported by electrons which
circle the nuclei of atoms.
The first law of thermodynamics is that energy
may become different from one form to another, but may not be created or
destroyed. The amount of energy and/or matter in the universe stays the
same, but changes from one form to another.
An equal number of positive and negative
ions are released when an electrolyte reacts. Watts are a measure of electricity.
Insulators are used to stop electric current from flowing into places where
it would be dangerous. An electric circuit is the course followed by an
electric current. |
